{"id":91932,"date":"2024-09-26T13:46:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T17:46:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/professional.content.cirrus.bloomberg.com\/professional2023\/insights\/data\/goal-based-investing-in-fixed-income\/"},"modified":"2024-10-30T11:13:55","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T15:13:55","slug":"goal-based-investing-in-fixed-income","status":"publish","type":[3762],"link":"https:\/\/professional.content.cirrus.bloomberg.com\/professional2023\/insights\/data\/goal-based-investing-in-fixed-income\/","title":{"rendered":"Goal-based investing in fixed income"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <style>section[data-anchor=row-6ab5cf80ad711]::before {\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eeeeee;\n\t\t\t}<\/style>\n    <section class=\"bbg-row bg--custom-color  bg--eeeeee text--black bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-6ab5cf80ad711'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8 bbg-column--valign-bottom\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p>    <ul class=\"bbg-categories_list\">\n                    <li>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/professional.content.cirrus.bloomberg.com\/professional2023\/insights\/category\/data\/\" rel=\"category tag\">\n                    Data\n                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/professional.content.cirrus.bloomberg.com\/professional2023\/insights\/category\/financial-services\/\" rel=\"category tag\">\n                    Financial Services\n                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/professional.content.cirrus.bloomberg.com\/professional2023\/insights\/category\/markets\/\" rel=\"category tag\">\n                    Markets\n                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n<div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 24px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div>    <h1 class=\"bbg-metadata bbg-metadata--title\">Goal-based investing in fixed income<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-compact row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-6ab5cf80b3536'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 40px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><strong>Bloomberg Professional Services<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n    <p class=\"bbg-metadata bbg-metadata--date\">September 26, 2024<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-none row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-6ab5cf80b5469'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><em>This article was co-authored by Vikas Jain, Quant Research at Bloomberg and Zarina Nasib, Sustainable Indices Product Manager at Bloomberg.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Traditional fixed income benchmarks typically utilize inclusion\/exclusion criteria and market value weighting. Each month, some securities are added or removed, while the majority remain in the index. Market value weighting involves trading each security, including numerous securities that are unchanged, to balance the market value differences between those entering and exiting the benchmark, as illustrated in Figure 1. This approach can be impractical due to operational constraints and transaction costs, as it may involve trading odd lots of many relatively illiquid securities. We propose a Cashflow-managed methodology that leverages the inclusion\/exclusion criteria to minimize the need for trading all securities in the benchmark, thereby reducing operational and transaction costs.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal1.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 1\" title=\"goal1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal1.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal1.jpg 969w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bbg-interstitial\" aria-label=\"interstitial\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\tbackground:rgba(0,0,0,0);\n\t\t\tpadding: 104px;\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t}\n\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta .bbg-card__content, .bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta .bbg-card__content p{\n\t\t\tcolor:inherit;\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 768px) {\n\t\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 80px 32px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 480px) {\n\t\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 80px 18px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-card  bbg-card-dark bbg-card_hasCta has_interstitial\" id=\"card_1\" data-card_type=\"no_image\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"bbg-card__innerwrapper\">\n    <div class=\"bbg-card__content\">\n      \n      \n                      <h3 class=\"bbg-card__title\">Explore our index families.<\/h3>\n      \n          <\/div>\n\n          \n<div\n  id=\"cta_5490890267014318084\"\n  class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-cta icon icon-arrow\">\n  <style>\n    \n    \n    \n  <\/style>\n  <div\n    class=\"bbg-cta-link link-holder\"\n    data-links-type=\"cta-links\">\n    <p class=\"bbg-cta-p right\">\n      <a\n        class=\"bbg-cta-link link interstitial_cta\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/products\/indices\/\"\n        target=\"\"\n        rel=\"\"\n        data-section-name=\"\"\n                role=\"button\"\n        aria-label=\"Learn more\"\n        >\n                <\/a>\n    <\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-6ab5cf80be3b4'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>The core principle behind Cashflow-managed strategy involves reinvesting cash from coupons and excluded bonds into tradable securities, leaving other positions unchanged. The weight assigned to the new securities is restricted to the total weight available from accrued cash and the securities exiting the portfolio. This approach avoids trading on a large number of securities common to both the current universe and the new universe, thereby minimizing odd lot trades on older, less liquid securities. Investors can further reduce the turnover and transaction costs by holding bonds until maturity. The inclusion and exclusion criteria can be set to achieve the investment objectives for the benchmark, such as targeting a spread, transitioning from one risk factor to another, climate objectives etc.<\/p>\n<h2>Methodology<\/h2>\n<p>An outline for the Cashflow-managed methodology proposed to construct these indices is given below. On each rebalance date (monthly) &#8211;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Calculate the market value of securities exiting the index including any cash accrued during the month from coupons, calls, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the list of tradable securities for investment, and assess each security to align with the benchmark\u2019s specific objectives<\/li>\n<li>Increase the weight of tradable securities by weight equal to the combined market value of the exiting securities and the accrued cash. The weight for rest of the securities remains unchanged. The weight allocation within selected securities is based on their market value<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"327\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal2.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 2\" title=\"goal2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal2.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal2.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal2.jpg 893w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>Alternative strategies to minimize turnover include reducing the rebalancing frequency, using optimizations or applying a tolerance limit before exiting securities (buffering). This methodology can be adapted to incorporate these strategies; however, our study concentrates on monthly rebalancing without optimization and buffering. We illustrate the use case and the application of Cashflow-managed methodology using two examples below.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Target spread<\/h2>\n<p>A corporate bond investor seeking to achieve a specific income above the government yield can leverage this methodology to construct portfolios with low turnover through a straightforward rule-based approach. One simple implementation of this strategy involves rebalancing and investing in securities within a predefined spread range. For example, an investor targeting a 300bps excess return over treasuries could invest in all securities with spreads ranging from 150 to 600 bps. While this strategy can generate approximately 300bps of excess return on a gross basis, its annual turnover rate of 400% would nearly eliminate all the excess return produced.<\/p>\n<p>A bond or portfolio of bonds held until maturity can provide total and excess returns equivalent to the yield and spread at the time of purchase subject to default and callability risks. Therefore, selecting a portfolio with spread equal to the target and holding it until maturity can provide excess return equivalent to target spread. At each rebalance date, the cash generated can be invested in a new sub-portfolio with the same spread target. We backtested multiple strategies targeting different spread levels in the US Investment Grade (IG) and High Yield (HY) markets, rebalancing monthly.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal3.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 3\" title=\"goal3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal3.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal3.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal3.jpg 856w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>The concept of selling securities where spreads have tightened is similar to a \u201cbuy low, sell high\u201d strategy, which has the potential to yield returns exceeding the target spread. This concept can be generalized to selling securities that don\u2019t meet the objective of the portfolio. A summary of the results for this strategy underscores its capability to generate higher excess returns for the higher target spread portfolios, albeit with diminishing returns for very high targets.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal4.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 4\" title=\"goal4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal4.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal4.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal4.jpg 907w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>The annual turnover for the Cashflow-managed strategy targeting a 3% spread was 59% compared to 400% for the na\u00efve strategy. As the securities entering the portfolio are recent issues, the transaction cost impact on the portfolio reduced significantly to 17 basis points per annum.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Carbon emissions reduction<\/h2>\n<p>In this example, we consider an investor who holds a diversified corporate bond portfolio and aims to decarbonize it over time. The investor may be averse to significant portfolio fluctuations and may adjust the specific objective definition over time. Most current decarbonization methodologies employ exclusion criteria, which suggest the forced selling of high-emitting issuers. This strategy, however, can avoid such forced sales. The methodology can be customized to gradually exit high emitters at a pre-defined pace, aligning with the investor\u2019s decarbonization targets.<\/p>\n<p>We backtest a monthly rebalancing Cashflow-managed strategy using a Euro corporate benchmark, aiming to reduce carbon emissions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"294\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal5.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 5\" title=\"goal5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal5.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal5.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal5.jpg 913w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>The implemented solution is intentionally kept simple to demonstrate its potential impact. The Cashflow-managed strategy exhibits a return profile similar to that of the Bloomberg Euro IG benchmark (the \u201cbenchmark\u201d) while significantly reducing the portfolio\u2019s carbon emissions relative to the benchmark.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal6.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 6\" title=\"goal6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal6.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal6.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal6.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal6.jpg 986w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>The Cashflow-managed strategy\u2019s turnover was 22% per annum, comparable to that of the benchmark in the same period (20%).\u00a0 During this period, a significant number of securities were issued, leading to adjustments in the benchmark index.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:1024px\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal7.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-large\" alt=\"Figure 7\" title=\"goal7\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal7.jpg 800w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal7.jpg 552w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal7.jpg 768w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/41\/goal7.jpg 966w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>This simple variation in the benchmark construction methodology can reduce turnover and allow for goal-based investing solutions. The turnover can be further reduced by holding bonds until maturity. In addition to examples discussed in this study, potential applications include:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gradual changes based on risk factors such as ratings, duration, sector or country exposures.<\/li>\n<li>Target duration portfolios<\/li>\n<li>Portfolios with climate objectives over medium to long run<\/li>\n<li>Managing portfolios with intrinsically higher turnover costs, such as emerging market corporates<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The Cashflow-managed strategy can be extended for use in an optimization framework in several ways. One approach is to calculate the available weight as defined in the methodology above and apply optimization only to the pre-defined tradable universe, allocating the available weight. The weights of non-tradable securities remain unchanged. Alternatively, investors can configure the optimizer to allow only the purchase of securities within the tradable universe, thereby avoiding additional selling.<\/p>\n<p>The Cashflow-managed strategy may be particularly advantageous for investors aiming to achieve long-term goals or make gradual portfolio adjustments with the reduced need for immediate, large-scale selling. Additionally, as investors\u2019 objectives evolve over time, this methodology allows for an increasingly seamless transition in portfolio positioning, minimizing significant additional turnover.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<h6><em>BLOOMBERG, BLOOMBERG INDICES and Bloomberg Compact Index Series (the \u201cIndices\u201d) are trademarks or service marks of Bloomberg Finance L.P. Bloomberg Finance L.P. and its affiliates, including Bloomberg Index Services Limited, the administrator of the Indices (collectively, \u201cBloomberg\u201d) or Bloomberg&#8217;s licensors own all proprietary rights in the Indices. Bloomberg does not guarantee the timeliness, accuracy or completeness of any data or information relating to the Indices. Bloomberg makes no warranty, express or implied, as to the Indices or any data or values relating thereto or results to be obtained therefrom, and expressly disclaims all warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose with respect thereto. It is not possible to invest directly in an Index. Back-tested performance is not actual performance. Past performance is not an indication of future results. To the maximum extent allowed by law, Bloomberg, its licensors, and its and their respective employees, contractors, agents, suppliers and vendors shall have no liability or responsibility whatsoever for any injury or damages &#8211; whether direct, indirect, consequential, incidental, punitive or otherwise &#8211; arising in connection with the Indices or any data or values relating thereto &#8211; whether arising from their negligence or otherwise. This document constitutes the provision of factual information, rather than financial product advice. Nothing in the Indices shall constitute or be construed as an offering of financial instruments or as investment advice or investment recommendations (i.e., recommendations as to whether or not to \u201cbuy\u201d, \u201csell\u201d, \u201chold\u201d, or to enter or not to enter into any other transaction involving any specific interest or interests) by Bloomberg or a recommendation as to an investment or other strategy by Bloomberg. 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This document and its contents may not be forwarded or redistributed without the prior consent of Bloomberg<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/h6>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <style>section[data-anchor=row-6ab5cf80cef8a]::before {\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eeeeee;\n\t\t\t}<\/style>\n    <section class=\"bbg-row bg--custom-color  bg--eeeeee text--black bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-6ab5cf80cef8a'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <div\n    class=\"bbg-column\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<h2>Recommended for you<\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n<div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 24px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div><script>\n    window.feed = window.feed || {};\n    window.feed['6ab5cf80d22a7'] = 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